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Sabtu, Juni 13, 2009

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TEKNOLOGI PENGENDALIAN OPT PASCAPANEN


Infeksi penyakit pascapanen buah-buahan terjadi baik pada saat buah masih berada di pertanaman maupun pada saat buah dipanen atau selama penanganan pascapanen. Infeksi prapanen disebut infeksi laten, walaupun demikian, infeksi dapat berlangsung ketika buah masih di pohon ataupun penetrasi melalui luka saat panen dan penanganan pascapanen. Infeksi saat di pohon dapat terjadi ketika buah masih sangat muda dan tidak menampakkan adanya gejala busuk buah.


OPT pascapanen pada umumnya disebabkan oleh cendawan atau bakteri. Spora umumnya berkecambah pada permukaan kulit buah, kemudian membentuk appressoria dan hifa untuk menginfeksi dan tetap tinggal dalam lapisan sel pada kulit dalam kondisi laten. Ketika buah mencapai kematangan, mikroorganisme tersebut baru aktif dan memperlihatkan gejala serangan hingga menyebabkan busuk buah. Infeksi laten tersebut dilakukan oleh Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Busuk buah lainnya disebabkan oleh infeksi mikroorganisme melalui luka-luka saat panen atau penanganan pascapanen dan menyebabkan busuk buah.


Spora Colletotrichum gloeosporioides berkecambah di permukaan buah yang sedang berkembang dan setelah beberapa saat ujung hifa menggelembung dan membentuk alat pelekat, antara 24 – 72 jam, ujung hifa yang membengkak membentuk alat yang dapat menembus kutikula secara mekanik dan kapang masuk ke dalam buah serta akan dorman di bawah kutikula.
Dengan semakin tua dan matangnya buah, maka cendawan yang dorman itu akan berangsur–angsur berkembang. Perkembangan cendawan makin cepat dengan makin matangnya buah setelah dipanen. Cendawan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, adalah cendawan penyebab penyakit antraknosa, tumbuh makin meluas menimbulkan gejala warna coklat pada kulit buah. Warna coklat ini timbul karena cendawan tersebut menghasilkan enzim selulase yang dapat menghidrolisis selulosa kulit buah, sehingga kulit buah menjadi terdisintegrasi dan lunak serta berubah warna menjadi coklat. Noda coklat lama kelamaan meluas dan warnanya makin gelap dan akhirnya busuk. Adanya noda-noda berwarna coklat sampai hitam di permukaan kulit buah, seperti pada mangga dan pisang, merupakan indikator adanya serangan antraknose.
Luka pada buah-buahan dapat terjadi pada saat penanganan di lapangan, panen, penanganan saat proses pengepakan (packinghouse), transportasi dan pemasaran. Adanya luka menjadi pintu gerbang masuknya cendawan penyebab kebusukan. Cendawan yang masuk lewat luka akan berkembang di dalam buah bersamaan dengan makin matangnya buah. Adanya aktivitas cendawan pembusuk dapat dilihat dengan perubahan warna kulit buah ke arah coklat dan akhirnya hitam. Serangan yang parah menyebabkan busuk berair pada bagian yang terinfeksi.
Infeksi hama pascapanen disebabkan oleh serangga lalat buah, terjadi pada saat buah masih menggantung di pohon. Lalat buah menginfeksi buah mentah dengan meletakkan telurnya di dalam buah. Telur akan berkembang menjadi larva dengan matangnya buah, baik saat masih di pohon maupun setelah dipetik. Ulat sering dijumpai pada daging buah matang (mangga, belimbing, manggis dll). Adanya larva pada buah mengindikasikan adanya infeksi lalat buah.

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